NanO2 may assist in mitigating secondary cellular brain damage after traumatic brain injury.

Animal studies, for both hemorrhagic shock and TBI, show promising effects of DDFPe as a resuscitation fluid.

In this swine model of TBI, administration of DDFPe resulted in lower injury scores for spongiosis and ischemic neurons.

DDFPe increased brain tissue oxygen tension following TBI in rats and should be evaluated further as a possible treatment for TBI.

asoconstriction in cerebral pial arterioles of healthy rats.